What type of planning approach does the formal planning model emphasize?

The formal planning model emphasizes a top-down approach because it relies on a hierarchical structure where upper management sets the strategic goals and the direction for the organization. In this model, senior leaders develop comprehensive plans based on their vision for the company, which are then communicated downward to lower-level managers and employees who are responsible for implementing those plans.

This method allows for consistency and alignment across the organization, as the overarching objectives established by top management guide the operational strategies and tactics executed at various levels. It contrasts with more collaborative or bottom-up approaches, where input from various levels of the organization is solicited during the planning process. The linear nature of formal planning also aligns with structured decision-making and sets clear, sequential steps for achieving objectives, which can enhance accountability and coherence in the planning efforts.