Framing effects in decision making are a result of:

Framing effects in decision-making refer to how the way information is presented can significantly influence choices and judgments. When information is framed in a certain way, it can create biases in how decisions are perceived and can lead to different outcomes even when the underlying information remains the same. For instance, if a choice is presented in terms of potential gains (e.g., a 90% chance of success) versus potential losses (e.g., a 10% chance of failure), individuals may respond differently based on the framing.

This concept suggests that language, context, and presentation style can dramatically affect one's decision-making process. It highlights the psychological aspects of economics and behavior, demonstrating that human decision-making is not always fully rational. Thus, understanding framing effects can help in crafting better communication strategies and can aid in guiding decisions in various fields such as marketing, management, and public policy.

The other choices do not capture the essence of framing effects. Group involvement focuses on the dynamics of decision-making within teams, statistical analysis relates to the assessment of outcomes, and market comparisons involve contrasting different economic environments. None of these core concepts directly address how the presentation of information impacts decision-making as framing does.